پانی

Brief introduction

Hydroelectric power uses the potential energy of rivers, lakes, and other rivers and lakes to convert the potential energy contained in it into the kinetic energy of the turbine, and then uses the hydro turbine as the driving force to promote the generator to generate electrical energy. If another machine (generator) is connected to the water turbine, electricity can be generated as the water turbine rotates, and the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. In a sense, پانی is the process of converting the potential energy of water into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. Because the power voltage emitted by the hydroelectric power plant is low, to be transmitted to users at a long distance, the voltage must be increased through the transformer, and then transported to the substation in the user concentration area by the empty rack transmission line, and finally reduced to the voltage suitable for household users and factory power equipment, and transmitted to each factory and home by the distribution line.

principle

How does پانی work? The whole process of animation shows the whole process, and years of doubts are solved

The basic principle of پانی generation is to use the water level drop to generate electricity with the hydro turbine generator, that is, to use the potential energy of water to convert into the mechanical energy of the water turbine, and then use the mechanical energy to push the generator to obtain electricity. Scientists have used the natural conditions of the water level drop to effectively use fluid engineering and mechanical physics to achieve the highest power generation and provide people with cheap and pollution-free electricity.

while low-level water is distributed throughout the earth by absorbing sunlight, thereby restoring high-level water sources.

In 1882, the first recorded application of hydroelectric power was in Wisconsin, USA. Today, the scale of پانی generation ranges from tens of watts used in the countryside of the third world to millions of watts for power supply in large cities.

class

According to the classification of concentrated drops, there are: embankment پانی plants, diversion پانی plants, hybrid پانی plants, tidal پانی plants and pumped storage power plants.

According to the degree of runoff regulation, there are: unregulated پانی plants and regulated پانی plants.

According to the nature of water sources, it is generally called conventional پانی stations, that is, using natural rivers, lakes and other water sources to generate electricity.

According to the size of the water head used by the پانی station, it can be divided into high head (more than 70 meters), medium head (15-70 meters) and low head (less than 15 meters) پانی stations.

According to the installed capacity of پانی stations, they can be divided into large, medium and small پانی stations. Generally, the installed capacity of less than 5,000kW is called small پانی stations, those with an installed capacity of 5,000 to 100,000kW are called medium-sized پانی stations, and those with an installed capacity of 100,000kW or more are called large پانی stations or giant پانی stations.

process

When the unit needs to run to generate electricity, open the main valve (similar to the function of the faucet at home), and then open the guide wing (a small water gate that actually controls the output force) to make the water impact the turbine. If you want to adjust the output of the generator set, you can adjust the opening of the guide wing to increase or decrease the amount of water to achieve it, and the water after power generation returns to the river through the tail channel to supply the downstream water.

advantage

Water

Hydro energy is an inexhaustible, inexhaustible and renewable clean energy source. However, in order to effectively use natural water energy, it is necessary to manually build hydraulic buildings that can concentrate the water drop and regulate the flow, such as dams, diversion pipes and culverts. Therefore, the project investment is large and the construction period is long. However, پانی generation has high efficiency, low power generation cost, fast unit start-up, and easy adjustment. Due to the use of natural water flow, it is greatly affected by natural conditions. Hydropower is often an important part of the comprehensive utilization of water resources, and together with shipping, aquaculture, irrigation, flood control and tourism, it forms a comprehensive water resources utilization system.

generate electricity

Hydropower is a renewable energy source with a low environmental impact. In addition to providing cheap electricity, it also has the following advantages: flood control, irrigation water, improved river navigation, and improved transportation, electricity supply and economy in the area, especially tourism and aquaculture. The comprehensive development plan of the Tennessee River in the United States is the first large-scale water conservancy project, driving the overall economic development.

shortcoming

General overview

1. Due to terrain limitations, it is not possible to build too large capacity. The capacity of the unit is about 300MW.

2. The construction period of the factory is long and the construction cost is high.

3. Because it is located in natural rivers or lakes, it is susceptible to feng shui disasters, affecting other water conservancy undertakings. Power output is susceptible to weather drought and rain.

4. It is not easy to increase capacity after the factory is built.

5. Ecological damage: intensified erosion of water flow below the dam, changes in rivers and their impact on animals and plants, etc.

6. Damming is needed to immigrate, etc., and the investment in infrastructure construction is large.

7. The fertile alluvial soil downstream is reduced by erosion.

Ecological impact

Huge dams that flood a wide range of upstream areas can destroy biodiversity, productive lowlands, river valley forests, wetlands and grasslands, and reservoirs built for پانی can cause fragmentation of habitats in surrounding areas and worsen soil erosion.

Hydropower projects affect aquatic ecosystems upstream and downstream of the surrounding area. For example, studies have shown that dams along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America reduce salmon populations that need to spawn upstream because dams prevent these fish from spawning upstream in breeding grounds. Although fish ladders are installed in the largest dams in salmon habitats, this is not avoided. Young salmon are also suffering damage because they have to pass through turbines in power stations as they migrate to the sea. To protect these fish, some parts of the United States transport small salmon downstream by yacht during parts of the year. In exceptional cases, some dams, such as the Marmot Dam, have been removed due to their impact on fish. How to design turbine generators that cause less damage to aquatic life is an active area of research. Some mitigation measures, such as fish ladders, have become a requirement for new project approvals and review of existing projects in some countries.

For example, the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects in the Yangtze River Basin has seriously affected the migration routes and breeding grounds of the Chinese sturgeon, causing its population to decline sharply and be in danger of extinction.

Environmental impact

Environmental Impacts of Hydropower GenerationEnvironmental Impacts of Hydropower GenerationEnvironmental Impacts of Hydropower Generation

1. Geography: Huge reservoirs may cause surface activity and even induce earthquakes. In addition, it will also cause hydrological changes in the basin, such as a decrease in the downstream water level or a decrease in sediment from the upstream. After the completion of the reservoir, due to the large evaporation, the climate is cool and stable, and the rainfall is reduced.

2. Biological aspects: For terrestrial animals, after the completion of the reservoir, a large number of wild animals and plants may be submerged and killed, or even completely extinct. For aquatic animals, after the completion of the reservoir, due to changes in the upstream ecological environment, fish will be affected, resulting in extinction or population reduction.

At the same time, due to the expansion of the upstream water area, the habitat of certain organisms (such as snails) has increased, creating conditions for the spread of some regional diseases such as schistosomiasis.

3. Physical and chemical properties: The water flowing into and out of the reservoir changes in terms of physical and chemical properties such as color and odor, and the density, temperature, and even solubility of each layer of water in the reservoir are different. The water temperature of deep water is low, and the organic matter at the bottom of the sedimentary reservoir cannot be fully oxidized in anaerobic decomposition, and the carbon dioxide content of the water body increases significantly.

classify

According to the nature of water sources, they can be divided into: conventional پانی stations, that is, using natural rivers, lakes and other water sources to generate electricity.

Pumped storage power stations use the excess electricity at the trough of the power grid load to pump the water from the lower reservoir to the high place for storage, release water to generate electricity when the load of the grid is at its peak, and collect the tail water in the lower reservoir.

According to the means of developing water heads of پانی stations, it can be divided into:

There are three basic types: dam پانی station, diversion پانی station and hybrid پانی station.

According to the size of the water head used by the پانی station, it can be divided into:

High head (above 70 meters), medium head (15-70 meters) and low head (less than 15 meters) پانی station.

According to the size of the installed capacity of پانی stations, it can be divided into:

Large, medium and small پانی stations. Generally, small پانی stations with an installed capacity of less than 5 000 kW, medium-sized پانی stations with 5 000 to 100,000 kW or more, and large پانی stations with a capacity of 100,000 kW or more are large or mega پانی stations.

evolution

In 1878, France built the world's first hydroelectric power station. The first hydroelectric power station in the Americas was built on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, USA, consisting of two DC generators driven by a waterwheel, with an installed capacity of 25kW, and was generated on September 30, 1882. The first commercial hydroelectric power station in Europe was the Tevoli hydroelectric power station in Italy, built in 1885 with an installed capacity of 65kW. Since the 90s of the 19th century, پانی has been valued in many countries in North America and Europe, and a number of پانی stations of tens to thousands of kilowatts have been built using excellent terrain such as turbulent rivers, falling waters, and waterfalls in mountainous areas. In 1895, a large turbine-driven 3750kW hydroelectric power station was built at Niagara Falls on the U.S.-Canada border. After entering the 20th century, due to the development of long-distance transmission technology, hydraulic resources in remote areas were gradually developed and utilized, and power was supplied to cities and power centers. Since the 30s, the speed and scale of پانی construction have developed faster and greater, and due to the progress of science and technology such as dam building, machinery, and electricity, it has been possible to build various types and scales of پانی projects under very complex natural conditions. The world's exploitable پانی resources are about 2.261 billion kW, which are unevenly distributed and the degree of exploitation varies from country to country.

چین ، دُنیا میں سب سے زیادہ مالدار پانی جاری وصول کی وجہ سے تقریباً378 ملین کی تعداد کمی ہے ۔ چینی ملکوں میں پہلا دریایی سٹیشن صوبہ صوبہ کے دریائے پر تشکین صوبہ کے دریائے پر تشکین صوبہ ، جولی1910 میں تعمیر کیا گیا اور1912 میں بجلی پیدا ہوا ۔ اُس وقت 480کو کی قیمت کی صلاحیت کے ساتھ ، اور بعد میں مرحلوں میں تعمیر اور اضافہ کیا گیا ، اُس وقت 60 000 کیکو تک پہنچ گئی ۔ 1949ء میں عوامی جمہوریہ چین کے اکٹھے سے پہلے ، ملک میں 42 پانی سیٹیشنوں کی تعمیر اور مقصد زیرہ کی ،360,000 کی مکمل مقصودیت کے طور پر ، اور سالانہ پائر کی تخلیق1.2 ارب کیو · h (Tienen کے علاوہ). 1950 کے بعد ، پانی پلیوی کی تشکیل بہت ترقی کی گئی ہے ، جس میں ایک ایک ہی پانی پلیوی سکتی اسٹیشن جس میں ایک ایک ہی250,00025,000 ، و وسطی کے درمیان250,000 ، اور نیچے چھوٹے کے طور پر25,000 ان میں سے سب سے بڑی تین گروچ ڈم ہے ۔ بعض دریاؤں پر رہنے والے ڈیوٹی سیشنوں کی تعمیر کئے گئے ہیں جن میں سے بعض ڈھائیوں پر بھی شامل ہیں ۔ اسکے علاوہ ، کچھ چھوٹے اور وسطی دریاؤں پر بہت سے چھوٹے اور میتوں پر بہت سے چھوٹی سیسٹیشن کی بنائی گئی ہے ۔ 1987 کے اختتام تک چین میں ، چین میں ، چین میں پانی پلیوی کی سلطنت کی صلاحیت30.19 ملین کیلوں کیلوں کی چھوٹی سیسٹیشن کے بغیر) اور چھوٹے پانی سکولی سیٹیشنوں کی پوری قیمت کی تعداد11.1 ملین کیل (۵۰۰ کلوے کے نیچے چھوٹے چھوٹی سیسٹیشنوں سمیت ، چھوٹے پانی کو دیکھیں ۔) صوبہ صوبے میں سب سے زیادہ سرمایہ سرمایہ سرمایہ کاری پروجیکٹ ، ہوانینگ Xiaowawan ڈیوٹسٹین 4 (2010 کیوٹ کیوٹ) ، رسمی طور پر عمل کرنے کے لئے عمل کیا گیا ہے ۔ چین میں200 ملین کیوٹ سے زائد ، چین میں ملین کیوٹ سے زائد ، اور ہماری ملک کی پوری سلطنت سلطنت کی وجہ سے دُنیا میں پہلی جگہ تک پہنچے ۔

China is one of the countries with the richest water resources in the world, with a developable installed capacity of 542 million kilowatts of hydroenergy resources and an economic developed installed capacity of 402 million kilowatts, and the development potential is still very large.

prospect

کچھ ممالک میں ہائیولیولیال وسائل کے ذریعے کم ترقی (چنین سمیت) ، مستقبل میں مقامی حالات کے مطابق مقامی حالات کے مطابق مقامی حالات کے مطابق مقامی حالات کے مطابق مقامی حالتوں کے مطابق ترقی کی جائے گی ۔ ان ممالک اور علاقوں میں جہاں پانی کی وصول میں جہاں پانی کی وصول کے ذریعے اضافہ ہوتی ہے یا ہوڈولی وسائل غریب ہیں ، موجودہ پانی کی سیٹیشنوں کو تبدیل کرنے اور تبدیل کرنا ضروری ہے ۔ اور نیٹریل ٹیلیٹنٹوں کی تعمیر کے ساتھ بنانے کے ساتھ بنانے کی تعداد میں اضافہ ہوگا ۔ چین میں بڑے ٹوٹسٹیشنوں کی تعمیر پر ترجیح کرنے کے علاوہ ، چھوٹے اور و وسطی زیبائی پانی سکتیں ان کی کمی تعمیر کے دور کی وجہ سے زیادہ توجہ ملے گی ۔ سرگرم اثرات اور ماحول پر کم اثر ڈالتا ہے ۔ بجلی کی قیمت نظام کی اصلاح کے ساتھ ، پانی کی پیدائش کے اقتصادی فوائد کا اقتصادی فوائد کو زیادہ مناسب کی جاتی ہے ۔ نئے سروئی ٹیکنالوجی کی تعمیر کے ابتدائی کام میں ، نئے سرو ٹیکنالوجی ، ٹیلیٹری ، جدیواری ، کمپیوٹر اور کمپیوٹر سے ڈیزائن پیدا کی جائے گی ۔ طوفان ، ڈھانڈ ، رہنے ، ماحولی حفاظت اور دیگر مسائل کو بہتر طور پر چلا جائے گا ۔ ڈیو ٹیپ ، اِس کے ذریعے مواد اور دیگر ٹرانسی ٹیکنالوجی مغربی چین میں بیشتر وسائل کی ترقی کی ترقی کرنے میں مدد کرے گا اور مشرقی ساحلی علاقوں میں بجلی کا اشارہ کرتی ہے ۔

With the implementation of the national "energy conservation and emission reduction" policy, energy substitution emission reduction has become China's practical choice, پانی has become the first choice for renewable energy, and پانی enterprises with cost advantages at this stage will enter the fast lane of rapid development. Therefore, domestic excellent پانی companies pay more and more attention to the research of the industrial market, especially the in-depth study of the industry development environment and industrial buyers. Because of this, a large number of excellent domestic پانی companies have risen rapidly and gradually become leaders in China's پانی industry!

The former world's largest hydroelectric turbine rotor was processed in the Three Gorges Dam area and loaded and shipped to the Jinsha River Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station. So far, the Three Gorges Dam area has the ability to process the world's largest پانی unit rotors.

Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station, located in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River, is the fourth largest power station in the world, with a single unit capacity of 812,000 kilowatts, surpassing the Three Gorges to become the world's largest پانی unit. The runner that started yesterday, with a maximum diameter of 10.5 meters, a height of 4.7 meters and a weight of 406 tons, is the core component of Unit 3 of Xiangjiaba Power Station, and its size, weight, technical content and manufacturing difficulty are the largest in the world today.

In 2012, global پانی generation increased by 4.3%, higher than the historical average, and all net growth came from China, accounting for 100% of the annual net growth of global پانی, setting a record for the largest annual increase in a single country in the data sheet. According to domestic statistics, in 2012, the new installed capacity of پانی in China was 15.51 million kilowatts. By the end of 2012, the installed capacity of پانی generation reached 248.9 million kilowatts (including pumped storage 20.31 million kilowatts), accounting for 21.7% of the country's installed power capacity, and the پانی generation capacity was 864.1 billion kWh, an increase of 29.3% year-on-year, accounting for 17.4% of the national power generation, an increase of 3.2 percentage points over the previous year, and in 2012, the average utilization hours of پانی power generation equipment of 6,000 kilowatts and above were 3,555 hours, an increase of 536 hours year-on-year.

In 2012, China's پانی consumption reached 194.8 million tons of oil equivalent, an increase of 22.8 from the previous year (2011) of 158.2 million tons of oil equivalent; In 2012, China's پانی consumption was 194.8 million tons of oil equivalent, accounting for 23.4% of the global پانی consumption of 831.1 million tons of oil equivalent, making it the world's largest producer/consumer of پانی and the second largest producer/consumer of پانی. 206 of the consumption (94.5 million tonnes of oil equivalent).

technology

انجینی کی تعمیر ، پیدائش اور ٹیکنالوجی کی تعمیر ، پیدائش اور عمل کرنے کے سلسلے میں ٹیکنالوجی پر تحقیق پانی کی پانی توانائی کے ذریعے سے استعمال پانی توانائی عموماً پانی کے ذریعے پانی کے ذریعے میں رکھنے کی طاقت ہے ۔ پانی کی بجلی میں تبدیل کرنے کے لئے ، مختلف قسموں کی پانی پلی سیٹیشنوں کی تعمیر کی ضرورت ہے ۔ یہ ایک انجینیئر کا اندازہ ہے عمارتوں اور آزمائشوں کی مشتمل ہے ۔ اس عمارت کے طور پر ، پانی کے ٹوٹنے کے لئے استعمال کِیا جاتا ہے ۔ بنیادی آزمائش ایک ٹرپین جینٹر سیٹ ہے ۔ جب پانی جراعات پانی کے ذریعے ٹربین میں داخل ہوتی ہے تو ٹربین کو پانی کے ذریعے ٹوربین میں داخل ہوتی ہے ، تاکہ پانی توانائی کو مکانیکی توانائی میں تبدیل ہو ۔ پانی ٹوربین کی جنٹر کو بجلی پیدا کرنے کے لئے چلتا ہے اور مکانیکی توانائی کو بجلی کی توانائی میں تبدیل ہو جاتی ہے جو پھر اسٹسٹسٹسٹر اور تقسیم کے ذریعے بھیجا جاتا ہے ۔ پانی توانائی فطرت میں ایک تبدیلی توانائی کا ذریعہ ہے جس میں بار بار بار بار بار باراہ رجوع کیا جاتا ہے ۔ پانی توانائی اور فسیل انتہائی زیروں کے ذریعے ، جنہیں بجلی توانائی میں تبدیل ہونے کے وقت ثانوس ٹوٹر کہا جاتا ہے ۔ سلطنتی زیروں کی تعمیر ایک فوج کی تعمیر ہے جو ابتدائی توانائی کی ترقی اور ثانوی توانائی کو مکمل ہوتی ہے ۔ اور عمل کے منافق اور پائر کا انتظام اور پائر اقتصادی کے قیمت کوے سے زیادہ کم ہوتی ہے ۔ پانی کی توانائی کو بجلی میں تبدیلی کرنے کی کارمی تبدیلی نہیں ہوتی اور ماحول پر کم اثر نہیں ہوتی اور ماحول پر کم اثر نہیں ہے ، لہٰذا ، پانی کی پانی توانائی ایک صاف قوت ہے ۔

Research content

Review

The vast majority of پانی stations built in the world are conventional پانی stations built using the natural drop and flow rate of rivers. This kind of پانی station is divided into two types: runoff type and water storage type according to the utilization mode and regulation capacity of natural water flow. According to the development method, it can be divided into dam-type پانی station, diversion پانی station and dam-diversion hybrid پانی station. Pumped storage power station is a پانی station that has developed rapidly since the 60s of the 20th century. However, tidal power stations have not yet been developed and utilized on a large scale due to their high cost. Other forms of پانی, such as using wave energy to generate electricity, are still in the experimental research stage. (See Hydropower Station)

In order to realize different types of پانی development, it is necessary to use the knowledge of hydrology, geology, hydraulic buildings, hydraulic machinery, electrical installations, water conservancy survey, water conservancy planning, water conservancy engineering construction, water conservancy management, water conservancy economics and power grid operation to study the following aspects.

planning

پانی کے وصول کی نسل ، پانی وسائل کے متعلق ترقی ، انتظام اور استعمال کے نظام کا ایک خاص حصہ ہے ۔ لہٰذا ، بائینی پروجیکٹوں کی منصوبہ ، طوفان کنٹر ، طوفان کنٹر ، پانی ، پہنی ، پہنی ، پانی ، پہنی ، پانی کی تقاضی ، پانی کی ضروریات ہے ۔ سیاحت اور دیگر پہلوں کے ذریعے پانی اور دریاؤں کے کامل استعمال اور دریاؤں کی پوری طرح منصوبہ ، جہاں تمام اقتصادی فوائد کو پورا کرنے کے لئے تمام مقداروں کی تقاضات کو پورا کرنا چاہئے ۔ ہائیوڈولیولیٹریل زیروں میں سے ایک ہیں ، اور اُن کے منصوبے کے وقت ، ان کو توانائی کے لحاظ سے بھی منصوبہ ہونا چاہئے ۔ ہائیوڈولیال وسائل کے لحاظ سے اُن علاقوں میں ، پانی کی ترقی کوئل ، تیل اور دیگر وسائل کو بچانے کے لئے استعمال کرنا چاہئے ۔ ابھی کی پانی کی پیدائش اور حرارت کے ذریعے آج دو بنیاسری موادیں ہیں ، اور انتظام میں دونوں طریقوں سے ، نظام کے بہترین اقتصادی فوائد حاصل کرنے کے لئے مکمل کھیلا دینا چاہئے ۔ عموماً ، عموماً ، حرار کی تخلیق کو نظامی بورچ کے مقدار حصے کے تحت رہنا چاہئے ، تاکہ وہ مضبوط کام کے حالات میں عمل کر سکیں ۔ جس کے نظام کے ایندھن کو بچا سکتی ہے اور محفوظ اور اقتصادی تجربہ کرنے کا باعث بن سکتی ہے ۔ اسٹارٹ آپ اور ٹپٹنے کی وجہ سے ، پانی کی پیدائش کی وجہ سے ، پانی پلیٹ نظام کی بارگاہ اور حادثہ بائپ کاٹس بھی شامل ہے ۔ جیسے فورنسی تنظیم اور فہری موادی جیسے کاموں کے لئے بھی مناسب ہے ۔

building

The buildings of the پانی station include: the water-retaining buildings required for the formation of the reservoir, such as dams, sluices, etc.; Drainage buildings that discharge excess water, such as spillways, overflow dams, drainage holes, etc.; water inlet for power generation; water diversion buildings of پانی stations from the water inlet to the turbine; Flat water buildings (see pressure regulating room, front pool), پانی station plants, tailwaters, پانی station boost switch stations, etc. are set up to stabilize the flow and pressure changes of water diversion buildings. The performance, applicable conditions, forms of structure and structure, design, calculation and construction technology of these buildings should be carefully studied.

equipment

Water turbines and hydro turbine generators are basic equipment. In order to ensure safe and economical operation, the plant is also equipped with corresponding mechanical and electrical equipment, such as hydraulic turbine governors, hydraulic devices, excitation equipment, low-voltage switches, automatic operation and protection systems, etc. In the step-up switch station of پانی station, step-up transformers, high-voltage distribution switching devices, transformers, lightning arresters, etc. are mainly set up to receive and distribute electrical energy. The final power is delivered to the user through transmission lines and step-down substations. These devices are required to be safe, reliable, economical and efficient. For this reason, the design, construction, and installation must be carefully studied.

Operation management In addition to its own conditions such as waterway parameters and reservoir characteristics, the operation of پانی station is closely related to grid dispatch, and the پانی station reservoir should be kept at a high water level as much as possible, reduce wastewater, and maximize the power generation of the پانی station or minimize the fuel consumption of the power system to achieve the highest economic benefits of the power grid. For پانی stations and reservoirs with flood control or other water use tasks, flood control scheduling and water supply should be carried out on time, flood control and reservoir capacity should be reasonably arranged, and the basic requirements of relevant departments should be comprehensively met, and the optimal operation mode of the reservoir should be established. When there is a group of reservoirs in the power grid, the mutual compensation benefits of the reservoir group should be fully considered. (See Hydropower Station Operation Scheduling)

Benefit evaluation

The financial income obtained from پانی generation supplying power to the power grid and users is its direct economic benefits, but there are also indirect and social benefits of non-financial income. Some countries in Europe and the United States implement a variety of electricity price systems, such as calculating electricity prices at different times of the day and different seasons of the year, different electricity prices for emergency power supply in case of accidents, and charging electricity prices according to kilowatt capacity. For a long time, China has implemented a single electricity price based on electricity, but پانی can also undertake the peak shaving, frequency regulation, phase modulation, and accident (rotation) backup of the power grid in addition to generating electricity, bringing economic benefits to the operation of the entire power grid. In addition to providing water for power generation, پانی stations and reservoirs also give full play to comprehensive utilization benefits. Therefore, when carrying out پانی construction, it is necessary to consider the overall situation of the national economy, clarify the economic benefits, and conduct national economic evaluation.

peculiarity

(1) Energy renewability. Since water flow is constantly circulating according to a certain hydrological cycle, it is uninterrupted, so hydraulic resources are a renewable energy source. Therefore, the energy supply of پانی is only the difference between wet and dry years, and there will be no energy depletion problem. However, in particularly dry years, the normal power supply of پانی stations may be disrupted due to insufficient energy supply, greatly reducing output.

پانی

(2) Low power generation cost. Hydropower simply uses the energy carried by the water flow without consuming other power resources. Moreover, the water used by the previous power station can still be used by the next level power station. In addition, because the equipment of پانی stations is relatively simple, their maintenance and maintenance costs are much lower than those of thermal power plants of the same capacity. Including fuel consumption, the annual operating cost of thermal power plants is about 10 to 15 times that of پانی stations of the same capacity. As a result, پانی is less expensive and can provide cheap electricity.

(3) Efficient and flexible. The hydro turbine generator set of the main power equipment of پانی generation is not only highly efficient, but also flexible in starting and operating. It can be quickly put into operation from a standstill state in a few minutes; Complete the task of increasing or decreasing the load in seconds, adapting to the needs of changing power loads, and without causing energy loss. Therefore, the use of پانی to undertake the tasks of peak shaving, frequency regulation, load backup and accident backup of the power system can improve the economic benefits of the whole system.